■' 


Circular  No  43.  Sicono  Edition.1 


United  States  Departmenl  of  Agriculture. 

BUREAU   OK   ENTOMOLOGY, 


HOWARD    '  I  Chief  ol  Bureau. 


THE  PEA  APHIS. 

!  1/."  rosiphum  pisi  Kalt . ) 


\  **^ 


V 


B]     I'.    II.    ('ill  I  11   MM    ' 

■/,i;-,/,'  ,./'  ;  />  «K«/  Spec  iai 

One  ol  fhe  most  destructive  and  troublesome  insects 

n  plant-louse  which,  from   its  injury  to  peas,  is  known  as  the 


Pea  BPbli 
natui 

Bblynunl 

Knee  it  first  attracted  attention  by  its  ravages  in  May  .if 
teadily  ii  in  injuriousness,  and  has  been  the 

>  Reprint,  with  slight  i  f  Cirealai  The 

ophora  <i- 
Several  art.  I d  published  on  I  ct,  notably  by  Messrs.  John- 

son gj       g  .  the  writer.     The  former  gave  it  the  scientific 

it  the  latter  gives  reasons  to  show  that  this 
.  reality  the  E  tropean  the  present  change  ol  title. 

\     19 


of  great  loss  in  the  principal  pea-growing  regions  of  this  country,  espec- 
ially where  peas  are  grown  for  canning.  It  was,  in  fact,  one  of  the 
most  important  of  all  insects  that  ravaged  crops  in  the  United  States 
during  the  seasons  of  1899  and  1900,  and  there  appears  to  be  little 
prospect,  unless  the  unforeseen  happens,  of  any  decrease  in  its  devasta- 
tions. On  the  contrary,  it  is  to  be  expected  that  it  will  widen  its  range, 
as  it  has  apparently  already  done  to  some  extent. 

DESCRIPTIVE. 

The  pea  aphis  is  one  of  unusual  size  among  those  found  infesting 
gardens,  and  the  largest  of  the  green  species  which  attack  the  pea  and 
related  plants.  The  length  of  the  body  of  winged,  viviparous  females 
is  about  -16  inch  (4.5  mm.),  and  the  total  wing  expanse  about  tV  inch 
(9  to  11  mm.).  The  general  color  of  both  the  winged  and  apterous  or 
wingless  forms  is  uniform  pea-green,  the  same  color  as  the  insect's 
favorite  food  plant.  The  eyes  are  prominent  and  reddish  brown  in 
color.  The  antennae  are  lighter  than  the  body  and  the  tubercles  promi- 
nent; the  joints  are  darker  than  the  rest  of  the  segments,  the  seventh 
joint  filiform  and  fuscous.  The  legs  are  long  and  conspicuous;  tarsi, 
distal  ends  of  tibiae,  and  femora  fuscous.  The  nectaries  are  fuscous  at 
the  tips,  otherwise  of  the  same  color  as  the  body. 

A  typical  female  of  this  insect  is  shown  in  figure  1  with  wings 
expanded,  showing  venation  at  0,  and  a  lateral  view  of  the  same  with 
wings  folded  in  their  natural  position  when  the  insect  is  at  rest  or  feed- 
ing is  presented  at  b.  At  c  an  apterous  or  wingless  form  of  the  insect 
is  shown,  and  d  illustrates  the  nymph  in  its  last  stage.  The  structure 
of  the  third  antennal  joint  of  the  winged  form  may  be  seen  at  e,  highly 
magnified. 

DISTRIBUTION. 

There  are  good  reasons  for  believing  that  this  aphis  was  introduced 
from  abroad,  probably  from  Europe,  one  being  that  injury  of  the 
severity  noted  by  a  species  of  insect  hitherto  unrecognized  as  distinct 
from  others  of  its  kind  is  almost  without  a  parallel  in  the  history  of 
economic  entomologj7.  It  seems  probable,  therefore,  that  we  have  in 
the  pea  aphis  a  case  analogous  to  that  of  the  European  gipsy  moth, 
which  was  present  in  this  country  for  about  twenty-five  years  before  it 
became  a  pest. 

The  first  notice  of  severe  attack  to  pea  that  can  with  positiveness  be 
attributed  to  the  pea  aphis  was  reported  to  this  office,  in  a  letter  dated 
May  16,  1899,  by  Mr.  Thomas  Bridges,  Bridges,  Va.  This  was  followed 
within  the  next  few  days  by  reports  from  Virginia  and  Maryland,  and 
soon  afterward  injury  was  recognized  in  other  States  and  in  Canada. 
During  the  previous  season   (1898),  however,  this  pest  was  present  in 

AC 4'J 


some  numbers  in  certain  fields  in  Maryland  and  was  noticed  on  late 

in  New  J 

This  insect,  as  has  been  Btated,  was  generally  injurious  daring  the 
1899  and  1900,  although  Bomewhat  locally  in  Borne  States,  bom 
8    itia  south  to  North  Carolina  and  westward  to  Wisconsin.    The 
t's  occurrence  in  destructive  abundance  was  noted  by   L900  in 
Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  and  Ontario,  Canada;  Maine,  Vermont, 
ichuaetts,  Connecticut,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Del- 
aware, Maryland,  District  of  Columbia,  Virginia,  North  Carolina, Mich- 
igan, Ohio,   Illinois,    and   Wisconsin.1     Sanderson   has   recorded   the 
lining  also  in  Minnesota  and  Nebraska.     Injury  in  Wis- 
consin was  not  notice. 1  prior  to  1900. 

At  intervals  since  1901  this  Bpecies  has  been  injurious  locally  but 
there  have  been  no  widespread  outbreaks.  During  the  past  three  years 
is  been  rather  unusually  troublesome,  judging  by  com- 
plaints. In  1906  injuries  were  reported  in  localities  in  New  York,  Vir- 
ginia. Illinois,  and  Texas.  In  1907  the  range  of  destructiveness  em- 
braced portions  of  eastern,  central,  and  western  New  York  and  parts  of 

Maryland,  Virginia,  and  the  District  of  Columbia.  The  insect  also 
made  its  initial  appearance  as  a  pest  in  Louisiana.      In  1908  Complaints 

made  of  ravages  on  Long  Island  and  in  Maryland,  Virginia,  Penn- 
sylvania, New  Jersey,  and  California.     In   New   Hampshire  early  peas 

destroyed  and  in  tidewater  Virginia  late  peas  were  injured.  It  is 
evident  from  recent  reports,  e.  g.,  those  of  injuries  in  Texas,  Louisiana, 
and  California,  that  the  Bpeciesis  likely  to  he  a  pest  any  year  practically 
throughout  the  United  States  and  Canada  where  peas  are  grown. 

EXTENT   OF    IN.lfKY    AND    METHOD   OP   WORK. 

This  pea  aphis  during  the  first  season  of  it.-  abundance  overran  and 
laid  waste  fields  of  pea-  from  Nova  Scotia  and  Maine  to  Virginia  and 
Maryland,  in  the  last  and  in  some  neighboring  States  destroying  about 
50  per  cent  of  the  annual  output  and  doing  similar  injury  the  following 
year,  in  spite  of  vigorous  efforts  that  were  made  to  control  it. 

An  estimate  of  the  total  loss  for  the  year  1899  in  the  Atlantic  Coast 
States  reached  the  Bum  of  $3,000,000.  During  1900  the  loss  over 
the  Same  area  was  placed,  as  early  as  -June  1").  at  $4,000,000.  Several 
-  of  Bever*  i  ported  in  Maryland,  in  which  SO  per  cent 

or  more  of  the  peas  on  farms  of  5"0  or  600  acres  were  completely 
destroyed.  In  short,  the  pea  growers  of  the  Atlantic  region  and  west- 
ward as  far  as  Wisconsin  Buffered  vn;  losses,  which  gave  rise  to 
the  expression  that  this  country  had  been  visited  by  a  veritable  scourge. 

•There  is  evidence  that  tl  trved  od  crimson  clover  in  Dela- 

ware U  early  as    1890,  and  has  perhaps  b<  nt  along  the  Potomac  > 

since,  or  priori      -       Bnl.  No.26,n.e  ,  Div.  Ent.,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.,pp.  5G 


The  reasons  why  the  species  has  hecome  so  conspicuous  a  pest  are 
threefold:  First,  because  of  its  ravages  to  a  crop  hitherto  little  troubled 
by  insect  attack,  if  we  except  the  pea  weevil,  which  has  always  been 
present  in  gardens  and  fields  for  upwards  of  a  century  and  has  come  to 
be  looked  upon  as  a  necessary  evil ;  second,  because  it  is  a  species  never 
before  noticed,  so  far  as  records  go,  as  having  been  destructive  to  peas 
in  this  country ;  third,  because  of  the  great  difficulty  that  has  been 
experienced  in  its  treatment,  pea  growers  during  the  first  year  of  its 
ravages  having  met  with  almost  complete  failure  in  the  remedial  meas- 
ures applied. 

Although  garden  and  field  peas  are  the  crops  most  injured  by  this 
aphis,  sweet  peas,  red  and  crimson  clover,  as  well  as  vetches  and  tares1 
are  affected,  and  in  some  cases  have  been  damaged.  Attack  begins  on 
the  young  pea  vines;  the  "lice"  gather  in  clusters  at  first  under  and 
within  the  terminals,  and  as  the  leaves  become  covered  they  attack  also 
the  stems,  and  by  their  numbers  and  voracity  sap  the  life  of  the  plant. 
Whole  areas  of  vines  are  frequently  seen  covered  with  the  aphides, 
which  in  a  very  few  weeks  are  able  to  destroy  a  crop.  Attack  is  seldom 
noticed  until  May2  in  the  more  southern  States  in  which  the  insect  is 
found,  and  a  little  later  in  its  more  northern  range. 

The  complete  life  history  of  this  species  is  not  known,  but  like  other 
aphides  it  produces  many  generations  each  year. 

According  to  present  knowledge,  the  pea  aphis  hibernates  chiefly  on 
clover,  particularly  crimson  clover,  from  Delaware  southward.  In  the 
District  of  Columbia  it  winters  also  on  vetch.  From  these  plants  the 
"lice"  spread  by  flight  in  April  and  May  to  peas,  which  they  attack 
while  the  vines  are  young. 

As  with  other  aphides,  the  females  at  certain  periods  produce  living 
young.  Thejr  attain  maturity  in  from  ten  to  fifteen  days,  and  possibly 
in  less  time  in  the  hottest  weather.  Young  that  were  born  March  4 
reached  maturity  (winged  form)  March  16,  or  twelve  days  from  the 
time  of  birth,  and  reproduced  young  three  days  later. 

As  an  instance  of  the  rapid  reproductive  powers  of  this  insect, 
Professor  Johnson's  estimate  is  interesting.  He  found  that  females 
produce  from  110  to  120  young  and  that  in  one  case  where  aphides 
were  observed  on  the  first  of  May  the  fields  were  abandoned  on  account 
of  ravages  three  weeks  later.     Calculating  from   the  average  number  of 

•  A  considerable  number  of  alternate  food  plants  has  been  observed  for 
Macros iphum  pisi  in  Europe. 

2In  1901  Mr.  Samuel  R.  Haynes,  Portsmouth,  Va.,  reported  the  presence  of 
this  species  in  that  locality  about  April  7.  During  the  second  week  of  May  the 
writer  found  it  numerous  on  crimson  clover  and  vetches  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
and  May  14  it  was  reported  at  work  upon  peas  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  near 
the  Maryland  State  line. 


Km.   2.— Spotted    Iti'lyl'.  "■    larva  : 

h.  empty  papal  ^kin .  e,  beetle,  with  ■  inteima 

Ul enlarged.     (Author's  illustration.) 


insects  produced  each  day,  which  is  six,  one  Individoal  would  become 
tlif  paogenitor  of  123,912  of  these  aphides  in  one  Beason. 

N  \n   B  M.    INKMII 99. 

The  efficiency  of  natural  agents  in  the  destruction  "f  aphides  is  bo 
well  known  that  it  has  been  hoped  that  some  one  or  more  of  the  many 
species  observed  to  attack  the  pea  aphis  would  increase  in  Buch  num- 

to  have  the  effect 
of  limiting  its  multipli- 
cation. In  Bpite,  however, 
of  the  closeel  observation 
by  ;i  number  of  persons, 
tlic  natural  enemies  have 
been  found  to  produce 
only  transient  relief,  and 
this  only  in  limited  areas, 
as  a  rule  late  in  the  Beason 
after  damage  has  been  ac- 
complished. 

The  pns. nt   list  of  m- 

-  known  to  attack  this 

aphis  includes  Beven  Bpecies  of  ladybirds,  or  "ladybugs"  as  they  are 

familiarly  termed,1  three  species  of  Byrphus  flies,8  a  lace-wing  fly,8  a 

Boldier  beetle,*  and  a  few  minute  four-winged  hymenopterous  parasites.5 

The  ladybirds  are  destructive  both  as  beetles  and  larva-,  thesyrphus 
flies  only  in  the  larval  condition,  which  is  true  also  of  the  lace-wing  fly. 
The  efficiency  of  the  Byrphus  flies  is  greatly  impaired  by  the  presence 
of  a  braconid  parasite,' which  is  Bometimes  very  prevalent,  almost  com- 
pletely exterminating  its  hosts  in  many  fields.  Nearly  all  the  species 
observed  are  well-known  enemies  of  other  aphides,  and  in  fact  greatly 
prefer  as  hosts  the  cabbage  aphis  and  Bpecies  found  on  weeds  to  the 
pea  aphis.  The  Bpotted  ladybird  {Megilla  maculata  I ><■<;.)  and  a  lace- 
wing  By  [Ghrysopa  oculata  Say)  are  shown  in  their  different  stages 
in  figures  2  and  lively. 

In  addition  to  the  natural  enemies  that  have  already  been  enumer- 
ated, several  other  insects  attack  the  pea  aphis,  among  them  a  small 
red  mite,  Ehffncholophus  parvus  Banks. 

\la    novemmrtata     Hbst.,    Hippodamia    ■  -     Goer.,     Megilla 

ilata    DeG.,  Hippodamia gku    ilit     Fab.,  Adalia bipunetata    I...  Hippoda- 
,„,,,;  i     I..,     and  Coccinella sanguinea     L.     tAllograptaobliqua    Bay, 

Si/rjiluis  amerieamma    Wied.,  tnd  Sphorophoria  cylindrica    Bay.    'Chtytoji 

lata    Bay.     iFodabru»    rugosulue     Lee.     iAphidiua   tcashingtot Lshm. 

US.?  .  .1.  fleteheri     (Ashm.  MS.?),  Pro  taphia    Fitch.    J  i    ml- 

garis    Walk.    ' Bastus  Uetatoriua    Fab. 

In  the  above  list  the  Bpecies  ol  each  class  are  named  in  approximate  order  of 
abundance  in  Maryland,  Virginia,  and  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  consequent 
efficiency  as  dt  of  the  aphis  in  that  region. 

A6 19 


Considering  the  inefficiency  of  natural  agencies,  if  we  except  atmos- 
pheric conditions,  in  the  control  of  this  pest,  it  is  hoped  that  a  com- 
mon fungous  disease  of  aphides,  known  as  Empusa  aphidis,  may  become 
an  important  factor.  As  the  development  of  this  fungus  is  dependent 
upon  rather  warm,  humid  weather  and  is  retarded  by  drought,  it  is 
fairly  certain  that  atmospheric  conditions,  after  all,  are  most  important 
in  the  limitation  of  this  insect.  It  is  within  the  bounds  of  possibility 
that  the  fungus  might  be  cultivated  artificially  and  be  used  during 
weather  conditions  favorable  in  the  control  of  this  pest. 


Fir.  3.— A  lace-wing  fly  {Chrysopa  oeulata):  a,  Eggs;  6.  full-grown  larva ;  c,  foot  of  same ;  d,  same 
devouring  pear-tree  psylla  ;  <•,  cocoon  ;  /,  adult  insect ;  g.  head  of  same ;  ft,  adult.  All  enlarged 
except  ft,  which  is  natural  size.     (From  Marlatt.) 

METHODS   OF   CONTROL. 

In  some  instances  natural  enemies  of  the  pea  aphis  have  rendered  effi- 
cient service.  Seldom,  however,  do  they  destroy  the  insects  early  enough 
in  the  season  to  save  a  crop.  In  the  course  of  time — many  years  in  all 
likelihood — these  enemies  may  become  more  effective;  hence,  in  view 
of  the  fact  that  the  extermination  of  the  species  even  in  a  limited  area 
is  a  practical  impossibility,  anything  that  can  be  done  to  destroy  the 
aphis  without  harming  its  insect  enemies  is  advisable.  If  this  can  be 
accomplished  it  will  afford  in  itself  a  reason  for  the  rejection  of  insecti- 
cides, none  of  which  is  in  all  respects  satisfactory.1 

!For  the  benefit  of  some  persons  who  are  not  wholly  familiar  with  the  feeding 
habits  of  this  species  it  should  be  stated  that  it  obtains  nourishment  by  suction, 
and  can  not  therefore  be  reached  by  means  of  internal  or  stomach  poisons  such 
as  Paris  green  and  other  arsenicals. 

A6 49 


Kerosem  emulsion.  —  Kerosene-soap  emulsion,  a  standard  remedy  for 
aphides,  carefully  prepared  and  diluted  with  about  twelve  parts  of  water, 
sprayed  upon  the  infested  plants  upon  the  first  appearanoe  of  the 
aphides,  and  bo  applied  thai  the  leaves  are  wet  on  both  the  under  and 
upi"  r  Buri  •  es,  lias  thus  far  been  found  to  he  the  mosl  effective  <>f  the 
Insectioides  tried.  A  Btronger  solution  than  thai  specified  is  apt  to  bum 
or  Bcald  the  plant,  particularly  while  the  vines  are  young  and  tender. 
Sprays  of  whale-oil  and  other  Boape  have  been  found  less  useful.  The 
oosl  oi  the  kerosene  emulsion  remedy,  however,  and  the  difficulty  of 
underspraying,    ita    rapid  evaporation,  and  the  necessity    for  Erequenl 

application.-,  are  BUCh  SS  hardly  to  warrant   its  use  on  a  large  BCale. 


uiiaK.i',1   ioap,   showing  method   <>f  preparation   and 

application. 


The  method  of  preparing  tobacco-whale-oil  soap,  a  Bpecial  preparation 

of  nm|i  of  particular  value  for  aphides,  anil   the  implements  used  in  its 
application  are  illustrated  by  figtu 

Tin  brush-and-euUivator  method. — The  hest  remedial  measure  that 
has  yet  been  devised  is  the  growing  of  peas  in  rows  with  sufficient  dis- 
tance between  them  to  admit  a  onediorse  cultivator.  The  "lice"  are 
hrushed  from  the  plants  with  DOUghs  ofpine  with  their  leaves  on.  and  a 
cultivator  then  follows  down  the  rows  as  soon  afterward  ble.     For 

the  perfect  BUCCeSB  of  this  method  it  should  he  practiced  in  the  h<    I 
the   day,  when   the   ground   is   dry   and  hot,  ami   the   repetition   of  the 
hrushing  is  necessary  every  three  to  seven  days  until   the  crop  is  ready 

A6 49 


8 

for  picking.  Such  lice  as  are  not  buried  in  the  ground  by  the  cultivator 
will  be  killed  by  the  dust  which  closes  their  breathing  pores,  while  a 
considerable  proportion  is  destroyed  also  by  the  force  of  the  brusbing. 
This  method  has  the  advantage  of  not  being  so  destructive  to  the  natural 
enemies  as  other  means  that  might  be  employed,  the  aphis  being  more 
fragile  and  delicate  than  any  of  its  insect  enemies.  Moreover,  peas 
planted  in  rows  to  permit  of  frequent  cultivation  suffer  much  less  injury 
than  when  sown  broadcast.  As  soon  as  the  last  picking  has  been  made 
infested  plants  should  be  promptly  destroyed  by  plowing  under.1 


Fig.  5.— Field  of  peas  saved  by  brush-and-oultivator  method,  showing  implements  used. 

The  brush-and-pan  method.— A  method  which  consists  in  jarring  the 
aphides  from  the  vines  into  specially  prepared,  long,  shallow  pans  in 
which  a  little  kerosene  is  floating,  dragged  between  the  rows,  has  given 
good  results,  the  insects  as  they  come  into  contact  with  the  kerosene 
being  all  killed.  A  bushel  of  "  lice  "  was  caught  to  each  row,  125  rods 
long,  in  one  instance  where  this  remedy  was  used.  It  is  practicable 
onlj'  for  small  areas. 


•We  have  abundant  testimony  to  the  value  of  this  method,  but  perhaps  none 
more  striking  than  that  on  the  farm  of  Mr.  C.  H.  Pearson,  a  Maryland  pea- 
grower.  During  the  season  of  1900,  a  600-acre  pea  plantation  was  practically 
saved  by  this  method.  After  other  means  had  failed,  the  fields  were  brushed 
and  cultivated  every  third  day  for  a  period  of  two  weeks.  The  previous  season 
peas  over  the  same  area  were  sown  broadcast ;  so  that  it  was  impossible  to  combat 
the  pest  in  this  manner,  and  as  a  consequence  480  acres  were  entirelv  ruined. 
(Bui.  20,  n.  s.,  p.  94;  Bui.  26,  p.  57,  Div.  Ent.,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.) 

A6 49 


9 

A  field  of  peas  Baved  by  the  use  of  the  brush-and-cultivator  method 
is  illtutrated  in  figun 

In  figure  8  the  manner  oi  applying  the  brush-and-pan  method  i- 
ahown.  Figures  l  7,  illustrating  the  practical  methods  ol  combating 
tin-  pea  aphis,  were  first  osed  by  the  late  \V.  G.  Johnson  in  an  article 
published  in  Bulletin  No.  26  of  this  Bureau. 

Cultural  methods.— Ol  cultural  methods,  there  is  testimony  to  the 
value  of  early  planting,  the  earliest   p  lorn  being  infested,  or  ;it 

least  only  slightly  injured.  Very  large  plantings  of  peas  to  be  used 
for  canning  have  also  escaped  ravages  in  some  instances,  hut  it  may  l>e 


!fi 


1 


JL^E 


'K- 


■to,  8.— Field  of  peu  mvi  \  by  the  bru  method,  showing  the  tppu 


that  atmospheric  conditions  have  had  something  to  do  with  exemption 
in  the  cases  which  have  come  under  notice. 

Rotation  of  crops  is  advisable,  and  it  is  unwise  to  plant  peas  on  the 
same  portion  of  a  farm  or  garden,  in  successive  years,  or  in  the  vicinity 
of  fields  of  red  or  crimson  clover,  or  other  leguminous  plants,  such  as 
vetch,  which  are  likely  to  harbor  thi~ 

A.S  has  been  said,  this  insect  passes  the  winter  on  the  plants  I 
tioned,  because  peas  are  not  available,  and  it  might  be  possible  to 
-  small  plants  of  some  one  of  them  as  trap  crops.  Crimson  clover 
would  probably  be  best  because  of  its  conspicuousness  and  the  early 
start  that  it  gets  in  the  spring.  On  the  trap  plants  the  aphides  could 
be  killed  by  hand  methods,  such  as  brushing  from  the  plants  into  | 

A6 19 


10 

and  thus  large  numbers  of  the  insects  could  be  killed  early  in  the  sea- 
son before  they  had  opportunity  to  spread  to  peas. 

In  Delaware  it  has  been  shown  that  the  practice  of  keeping  the  land 
well  fertilized  and  frequently  cultivated  enables  the  peas,  in  spite  of 
aphis  attack,  to  produce  better  crops  than  would  otherwise  be  made. 

Alternate  host  plants.— The  subject  of  alternate  host  plants  is  an 
important  one,  since  the  pea,  being  an  annual,  is  not  available  as  food 
for  this  aphis  during  winter.  It  is  desirable  to  ascertain  all  of  the  host 
plants  of  the  pea  aphis,  and  more  especially  the  weeds,  as  some  one  or 


Fig.  7.- 


■Section  of  a  600-acre  pea  field,  rows  one  mile  long,  showing  spraying  outfit  ready  for 
work.    Peas  finally  saved  by  brush-and-cultivator  method. 


more  of  these  may  be  factors  of  importance  in  the  life  economy  of  the 
species.  It  might  be  necessary  in  the  future,  should  the  depredations 
of  this  insect  increase,  to  limit  the  growing  of  clover  and  other  legumes, 
as  well  as  other  alternate  host  plants,  if  such  be  found,  in  the  vicinity 
of  pea  fields.  If  all  of  the  principal  alternate  plants  could  be  discov- 
ered this  might  furnish  a  solution  of  the  problem  of  how  to  deal  with 
the  insect. 

Approved : 

James  Wilson, 

Secretary/  of  Agriculture. 

Washington,  D.  C,  January  21,  1009.  A6 — 19 


o 


UNIVERSITY  OF  FLORIDA 


3  1262  09216  4960 


